Activity Of Methanolic Leaf Extract Research Articles

Evaluation of In vitro Anti-Cancer Activity of Methanolic Leaf Extract of Phoenix pusilla on Colon Cancer Cell Line

ABSTRACT Background: Cancer rates continue to climb, owing largely to the world population’s aging and growth, as well as economically developing countries, a surge in cancer-causing behavior, particularly smoking. The third or fourth most prevalent type of cancer is colon cancer. Cancer of the large intestine (colon) is one of the primary causes of death from cancer. Colorectal cancer prevention is mostly based on adenomatous disease screening approaches. The cytotoxic and pharmacological properties of Phoenix pusilla are widely documented. As a result, there is little recorded evidence of its cytotoxic activity against colon cancer cells. Therefore, we planned to study the efficacy of a methanolic leaf extract of Phoenix pusilla against in vitro colon cancer cells. Aim: To evaluate the anti-cancer effects of the methanolic leaf extract of Phoenix pusilla on colon cancer cell lines. Materials and Methods: In vitro screening and anti-cancer effects of the methanolic effect of Phoenix pusilla on colon cancer cell lines were assessed by cell viability assays and cell and nuclear morphological studies. For the in vitro cell culture study, different concentrations of Phoenix pusilla leaf extract (0, 25, 50, 75, 100, 150 μg/ml) were used, and IC50 doses were calculated. Results: The results of the MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay revealed that the fraction of viability cells significantly decreased in treated cells when compared to untreated control groups, was expressed as 100%, and an inhibitory concentration of μg/ml was identified. A phase-contrast microscope was used to observe cell shrinkage and cytoplasmic membrane blebbing. A fluorescent microscope was used to examine the apoptotic nuclei (internally dyed nuclei, shattered nuclei, and condensed chromatin). Conclusion: In conclusion, the present study results showed that the leaf extracts of Phoenix pusilla had a strong cytotoxic effect and induced significant apoptosis in the colon cancer cell lines at a concentration of 75 μg/ml in the 24 h incubation period. More research is needed to investigate the extract’s active components as well as the molecular mechanisms underlying its anti-cancer properties.

Evaluation of Antidiabetic Activity of Methanolic Leaf Extract of Nephelium lappaceum L. against Streptozotocin-Nicotinamide Induced Type-II Diabetes in Wistar Albino Rats

Evaluation of Antidiabetic Activity of Methanolic Leaf Extract of Nephelium lappaceum L. against Streptozotocin-Nicotinamide Induced Type-II Diabetes in Wistar Albino Rats

Phytochemical Properties and In vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Methanolic Leaf Extract of Durio zibethinus Murr. on Selected Clinical Isolates

Bacterial and viral infections represent the most challenging diseases to treat in humans due to resistance to most of the therapeutic agents. The advent of drug resistance factors that have challenged the effectiveness of all antimicrobial agents prompted the investigation of antimicrobial activity studies of the methanolic leaf extract of Durio zibethinus Murr. This study is focused on evaluating the phytochemical and antimicrobial activity of the leaf extract of D. zibethinus Murr. on selected clinical isolates: Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis (gram-positive bacterial strains), Klebsiella pneumonia, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi (gram-negative bacterial strains) while Candida albicans and Microsporum audouinii (fungi strains) using the standard agar disc diffusion technique. Alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids, glycosides, and phenolic chemicals have all been identified via phytochemical investigation. The result indicated that the leaf extract exhibited antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Candida albicans and Microsporum audouinii at a range of 10.34–16.02 mm at a concentration of 150 mg/mL relative to standard gentamicin and fluconazole antibiotics. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for S. aureus was 0.250 mg/mL; for E. coli, it was 0.125 mg/mL; whereas it was 0.250 mg/mL for the two fungal strains, C. albicans and M. audouinii. Our investigation revealed that the D. zibethinus Murr. leaf extract exhibited the highest antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli whereas the extract exhibited the highest antifungal activity against M. audouinii. Our research concluded that the Durio zibethinus Murr. leaf extract had potent antibacterial and antifungal properties, suggesting that it could be utilized to treat various pathogenic diseases.

Evaluation of Anti Ulcer Activity of Methanolic Leaf Extract of Jacquemontia Caerulea Against Experimentally Induced Ulcers in Wistar Rats

Objective: To evaluate the anti-ulcerogenic effect of Jacquemontia caerulea Leaf Methanolic Extract (JCLME) against aspirin, ethanol, cold stress induced and pylorus ligation induced gastric ulcers in Wistar rats. Methods: The methanolic extract of fresh leaves of the plant, Jacquemontia caerulea (Family Convolvulaceae) was prepared and assessed for anti-ulcer effect with different doses and the standard drugs (Risperidone and Amitriptyline respectively) by using aspirin, ethanol, cold stress induced and pylorus ligation methods. Results: JCLME was assessed and compared statistically with the anti-ulcer effects in the control rats which was treated with saline (NaCl, 0.9%). It was found that JCLME at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg reduced the ulcer index significantly when compared to control group (p< 0.05). It was found that JCLME significantly reduced the free acidity, total acidity and ulcer index (p<0.05) and increased the gastric content when compared with the control group. Hence, the current study shows that the JCLME has potent anti-ulcer, cytoprotective and antisecretory property thereby making it a great ulcero-protective agent.

Antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities, in silico analyses, and anti-Alzheimer’s disease potential of leaf extracts of three Nigerian endemic medicinal plants (Spondias mombin, Carica papaya and Kalanchoe crenata)

BackgroundThe evaluation of the correlations between antioxidant and anti-acetylcholinesterase activities of methanol leaf extracts of three Nigerian endemic plants, Spondias mombin, Carica papaya and Kalanchoe crenata, was carried out. Their constituent phytochemicals were identified by HPLC–DAD fingerprinting. The antioxidant activity as typified by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH·), 2,2′-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS·+) and nitric oxide (NO) scavenging activities were evaluated. The acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activity of the extracts was also determined.ResultsThe extracts contained appreciable amounts of the flavonoids, quercetin and kaempferol. The extracts of Spondias mombin, Carica papaya and Kalanchoe crenata showed concentration-dependent inhibitory activities against DPPH· and ABTS·+ with IC50 of 43.29 ± 0.443 µg/mL, 59.27 ± 0.644 µg/mL and 80.20 ± 0.414 µg/mL; 25.43 ± 0.325 (µg/mL), 39.84 ± 0.163 µg/mL and 59.02 ± 0.376 (µg/mL), respectively. The IC50 for the NO scavenging activities of the Spondias mombin, Carica papaya and Kalanchoe crenata extracts were 41.99 ± 0.217 µg/mL, 50.44 ± 0.281 µg/mL and 60.12 ± 0.512 µg/mL, respectively. The IC50 for the inhibitory effects on AChE was 53.24 ± 0.327 µg/mL, 60.95 ± 0.290 µg/m and 70.5 ± 0.426 µg/mL, respectively. The effectiveness of the plant in all the experimental tests was in the following order: S. mombin > C. papaya > K. crenata. The total flavonoid and total phenolic contents have extremely significant positive correlations with the antioxidant activities and AChE inhibitory activity. The correlation coefficients (r2) of DPPH scavenging activity and NO scavenging activity with the AChE inhibitory activity were 0.8295 µg/mL and 0.7337 µg/mL, respectively (P < 0.0001). The molecular docking and pharmacokinetic analyses on some constituent phytochemicals showed that quercetin, kaempferol, ferulic acid, leucocyanidin, gallic acid and isorhamnetin fulfilled the requirements for an anti-Alzheimer drug.ConclusionsThe results suggest that the plant species provide a significant source of secondary metabolites that can act as natural antioxidants and acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, which will be helpful in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease.

Calotropis procera: A double edged sword against glioblastoma, inhibiting glioblastoma cell line growth by targeting histone deacetylases (HDAC) and angiogenesis

Despite substantial investments in anti-glioblastoma (GBM) drug discovery over the last decade, progress is limited to preclinical stages, with clinical studies frequently encountering obstacles. Angiogenic and histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) have shown profound results in pre-clinical studies. Investigating a multicomponent anti-cancer remedy that disrupts the tumor angiogenic blood vessels and simultaneously disrupts HDACs, while inducing minimal side effects, is critically needed. The crude extracts derived from medicinal plants serve as a renewable reservoir of anti-tumor drugs, exhibiting reduced toxicity compared to chemically synthesized formulations. Calotropis procera is a traditional medicinal plant, and its anticancer potential against many cancer cell lines has been reported, however its antiangiogenic and HDAC inhibitory action is largely unknown. The anticancer activity of methanol leaf extract of C. procera was tested in three types of human glioblastoma cell lines. Wild-type and transgenic zebrafish embryos were used to evaluate developmental toxicity and angiogenic activity. A human angiogenic antibody array was used to profile angiogenic proteins in the U251 GM cell line. A real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT PCR) assay was used to detect the differential expression of eleven HDAC genes in U251 cells treated with C. procera extract. The extract significantly reduced the proliferation of all three types of GBM cell lines and the cytotoxicity was found to be more pronounced in U251 GM cells, with an IC50 value of 2.63 ± 0.23 μg/ml, possibly by arresting the cell cycle at the G2/M transition. The extract did not exhibit toxic effects in zebrafish embryos, even at concentrations as high as 1000 μg/ml. The extract also inhibited angiogenic blood vessel formation in the transgenic zebrafish model in a dose-dependent manner. The results from the angiogenic antibody array have suggested novel angiogenesis targets that can be utilized to treat GBM. Real-time RT PCR analysis has shown that C. procrea extract caused an upregulation of HDAC5, 7, and 10, while the mRNA of HDAC1, 2, 3 and 8 (Class I HDACs), and HDAC4, 6, and 9 (Class II) were downregulated in U251 GM cells. The cytotoxicity of the C. procera extract on GBM cell lines could be due to its dual action by regulation of both tumor angiogenesis and histone deacetylases enzymes. Through this study, the C. procera leaf extract has been suggested as an effective remedy to treat GBM with minimal toxicity. In addition, various novel angiogenic and HDAC targets has been identified which could be helpful in designing better therapeutic strategies to manage glioblastoma multiforme in human patients.

Antinemic Metabolites of Simarouba glauca against Root Knot Nematode, Meloidogyne incognita Infesting Groundnut, Arachis hypogaea

Background: Groundnut, Arachis hypogaea is a leguminous crop grown in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Meloidogyne spp., is considered to be nematode pest of economic importance for the groundnut throughout the world. Plant metabolites with nematicidal property have been in use for a long time for nematode control that offer many environmental advantages. Methods: The nematicidal activity of methanolic leaf extract of Simarouba glauca on eggs and juveniles (Js) of root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita infesting vegetables was evaluated at three concentrations in vitro (100%, 50%, 25%) with control at three exposure times. Result: Results revealed that at 100% concentration, the methanolic leaf extract of S. glauca showed the least number of eggs hatched (7.85, 12.63, 16.30/egg mass) and the highest mortality (60.58, 70.23, 92.58/100 juveniles) at the exposure times of 24 hrs, 48 hrs, 72 hrs, respectively. The phytochemical compounds viz., Hexadecanoic acid-methyl ester, Isopropyl palmitate, Octadecanoic acid and Methyl stearate detected through GC-MS profiling of methanolic extract of S. glauca were found to inhibit the nematode activity. Pot and field studies proved that soil application of Simarouba leaf powder @ 10 g/plant and 5 kg/ha reduced the nematode infestation. This study implies that use of Simarouba leaf powder produces nematicidal effect against plant parasitic nematodes and reduced the nematode infestation in groundnut and is more suitable candidate in the context of biological control.

Antidiabetic Activity of Methanolic Leaf Extract of Trachyspermum ammi in Rodents

Background: The annual and aromatic plant known as Trachyspermum ammi L. Sprague belongs to the family Apiaceae. The in vivo antidiabetic efficacy of crude extract extracted from Trachyspermum ammi leaves was assessed in the current study.&#x0D; Study Design: This study engaged in vivo studies to investigate the antidiabetic activity using oral glucose tolerance test and Streptozotcin nicotinamide induced diabetes models and Histopathological studies of pancreas.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: Department of Pharmacology, Gokaraju Rangaraju College of Pharmacy, Bachupally, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.&#x0D; Methods: Maceration technique was used to extract META and preliminary phytochemical analysis was performed. Acute toxicity study was done in the swiss albino mice and from acute toxicity studies 2000 mg/kg bd.wt., was found to be safe.  The extract was screened for antidiabetic activity using oral glucose tolerance test and Streptozotcin nicotinamide induced diabetes models. The results of antidiabetic activity of META by OGTT and STZ-NIC induced diabetes model showed that the META has significant antidiabetic activity.&#x0D; Conclusion: The results of this investigation suggest that Trachyspermum ammi leaf extract has considerable antidiabetic effects. Moreover, need further work to elucidate the mechanism of action.

Antioxidant, antimicrobial, α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of methanolic leaf extract of Breynia vitis-idaea using in vitro and in silico techniques

Breynia vitis-idaea (Phyllanthaceae) is used in the Chinese traditional medicinal system, to treat chronic lung disease and wound healing. This study was aimed to identify the chemical constituents of B. vitis-idaea having biological properties by in-vitro and in-silico methods. Breynia vitis-idaea leaf extract was screened for the presence of phenol, flavonoid contents, antibacterial, antioxidant, and antidiabetic activities. Molecular docking of secondary metabolites with target proteins and ADMET analysis was done. Preliminary phytochemical screening of B. vitis-idaea contains a variety of phytoconstituents such as alkaloids, flavonoids, carbohydrates, tannin, saponin, terpenoids, phenol, protein, steroids and glycosides. The antibacterial activity of methanol leaf extract of B. vitis-idaea evaluated against Escherichia coli (17 mm), Klebsiella pneumoniae (16 mm), Bacillus subtilis (22 mm), and Staphylococcus aureus (18 mm) showed high activity. Antioxidant activities were assessed by ABTS and FRAP assays and their IC50 values were 41.06 µg/mL and 46.40 µL/mL, respectively. α-amylase and α-glucosidase activity showed IC50 values of 20.42 µg/mL and 14.60 µg/mL, respectively. Molecular docking study showed strong binding activity of γ-sitosterol to α-amylase and α-glucosidase, followed by guanosine and arbutin. ADMET analysis shows that γ-sitosterol, guanosine, and arbutin are good drug candidates. This work demonstrates the anti-diabetic potential of B. vitis-idaea.

Antimicrobial activity and chemical analyses of seven Juniperus L. species

Abstract The objective of this study was to present a comparative analysis of the antimicrobial activity of methanolic leaf extracts from seven Juniperus L. species, together with a tentative analysis of their total flavonoid and o-dihydroxyphenolic acids content. The chemical analyses were performed by colorimetric methods and the antimicrobial activity was assessed via broth microdilution. The studied extracts showed total content of o-dihydroxyphenols in the range of 26 to 34 µg of caffeic acid equivalent/mg DE and total flavonoid content of 13 to 24 µg of quercetin equivalent/mg DE. The sensitivity of Gram-positive bacteria to the studied extracts differed significantly with the following order of activity: J. sabina var. balkanensis &gt; J. communis ‘Laxa’ &gt; J. formosana &gt; J. pinchotii &gt; J. ashei &gt; J. excelsa ≈ J. sibirica. Weak activity was observed for all extracts against Gram-negative bacteria and Candida strains. The analysis of the MBC/MIC ratio showed that the extracts exhibited bactericidal effect against Gram-negative bacteria (MBC/MIC≤4), while bactericidal or bacteriostatic action (MBC/MIC&gt;4) was determined towards Gram-positive bacteria. Moreover, these extracts showed fungicidal (MFC/MIC≤4) or fungistatic effect (MFC/MIC&gt;4). Best antibacterial activity was registered for the J. sabina var. balkanensis leaf extract. The multivariate data analyses were carried out by SIMCA 16 (v16.0.2) software. The hierarchical cluster analysis and principal component analysis, based on phytochemical and antimicrobial data, classified the studied juniper species into four groups: 1. J. ashei; 2. J. excelsa, J. sibirica; 3. J. sabina var. balkanensis, J. communis Laxa, J. formosana; 4. J. pinchotii.

ANTIOXIDANT, INHIBITION OF ADVANCED GLYCATION END-PRODUCT FORMATION AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF OCIMUM GRATISSIMUM (SCENT LEAF) METHANOLIC LEAF EXTRACT AGAINST Escherichia coli AND Bacillus SPP

The study investigates the antioxidant, inhibition of advanced glycation end-product formation and antimicrobial activities of methanolic leaf extract of Ocimum gratissimum. GC-MS, qualitative, antioxidant scavenging and antiglycation activities of the extract of Ocimum gratissimum were determined using standard procedures. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated by agar well diffusion method. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined using standard methods. The GC-MS analysis of Ocimun gratissimum leaf revealed the presence of 49 compounds with P –cymene been the most abundant. The phytochemical screening of the extract shows the presence of alkaloids, tannins, phenolic, flavonoids, saponins etc. The in-vitro antioxidant assay of the extract was found to have ?-carotene, lycopene, total phenolic compounds, total flavonoid compounds, reducing power and DPPH scavenging activities. The extract showed significant inhibitory effects on the formation of compounds containing two carbonyl groups and Advanced Glycated End products formation with IC50 of 75.85 ±4.87 µg/mL. Agar well diffusion assay was characterized by inhibition zones of 21.0 ± 0.30, 19.66 ± 0.20, 33.78± 0.30 and 33.25 ± 0.40 mm for Escherichia coli and Bacillus spp respectively at 250 mg/ml for Ocimun gratissimum and 25 mg/ml for tetracycline solution. The MIC values for E.coli and Bacillus spp were 33.33, 66.67, 0.78 and 0.78 for both extract and tetracycline while their MBC values were 66.67, 133.00, 1.56 and 1.56 respectively. MBC/MIC values showed that Ocimun gratissimum extract and tetracycline had bactericidal effects. These results indicated that Ocimum gratissimum possesses antioxidant, prevents glycation and has antimicrobial activities.

Pharmacognostic Profile and Anti-Hyperglycemic Activity of Jatropha Tanjorensis Linn (Euphorbiaceae) Leaf on Alloxan-Induced Hyperglycemic Rats

Background: Jatropha tanjorensis has been used traditionally for the treatment of a variety of diseases, these include; renal problem, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, inflammation and in moderate depression. The pharmacognostic standardization of it’s can be used in the development of it’s monograph. Diabetes mellitus is disease that is responsible for millions of death yearly. Over the years, efforts have been made in the discovery of new bioactive compounds with Antidiabetic activity&#x0D; Objective: The objective of the study was to establish the pharmacognostic profile and anti-hyperglycemic activity of methanol leaf extract of Jatropha tanjorensis on alloxan-induced hyperglycemic rats.&#x0D; Methods: The phytochemical analysis, pharmacognostic profile and acute toxicity study were done using standard methods. The anti-hyperglycemic activity of the methanol leaf extract of J. tanjorensis was investigated by using normal and alloxan-induced hyperglycemic rats for acute and sub-acute studies.&#x0D; Results: Phytochemical screening revealed alkaloids, flavonoids, carbohydrates, reducing sugars, cardiac glycosides, saponins and tannins. The moisture content obtained was 5.67% w/w. The total ash value was 8.39%w/w, acid-insoluble ash value was 0.72% w/w and water-soluble ash value was 3.91% w/w. There was no mortality or any signs of behavioral changes or toxicity observed after oral administration of Jatropha tanjorensis up to the dose of 5000 mg/kg body weight in mice. The sub-acute anti-hyperglycemic study was carried out for 14days, there was a significant (p&lt;0.05) dose-dependent anti-hyperglycemic effect of the methanol leaf extract of J. tanjorensis of 11.76, 55.51 and 77.65% blood glucose level reduction for 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg respectively, when compared with the negative control (- 23.18 %)and 67.29 % for positive control; Glibenclamide (5 mg/kg)which has less activity.&#x0D; Conclusion: From this study, it shows that J. tanjorensis leaf have anti-hyperglycemic property, which could justify its use in traditional medicine for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. The Pharmacognostic profile can be used for a monograph of the plant for its proper identification and quality control.

Phytochemical screenings and evaluations of antibacterial and antioxidant activities of methanolic leaf extract of Senna auriculata (L). Roxb

The current study examineed the "Phytochemical contents, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the methanolic leaf extract of S. auriculata". Methanol was used to extract a leaf sample from a plant. The phytoconstituents and functional groups in the leaf extract had been investigated using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis. Concurrently, the agar well-plate method was used to assess antimicrobial activity against ten bacterial strains. DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl), reducing power activity, phosphomolybdenum activity, hydrogen peroxide activity, and nitric oxide inhibitory activity were employed to assess antioxidant activity. Carbohydrates, protein, tannins, saponins, and terpenoids were found in the phytochemical analysis. The GC-MS study of the leaf extract revealed the presence of 13 major bioactive substances with antimicrobial, free radical scavenging, and anticancer properties. The appearance of distinctive peak values with various functional groups, such as alcohol, alkanes, aromatic, esters, and amines, was indicated by the FTIR result. The leaf extract exhibited a potent antibacterial effect against all pathogens tested. The highest activity against A. hydrophila (15±0.6 mm) was found at a 100 µg/mL concentration. The antioxidant properties of leaf extract increased as concentration was increased. The leaf extract contains 108.13 mg GAE/g and 61.25 mg RE/g of phenolic and flavonoid content, respectively. Finally, the methanolic leaf extract of S. auriculata was found to have powerful antibacterial and antioxidant features and could be a valuable source of natural compounds for creating new medications. Although S. auriculata has been extensively studied for its antibacterial activity against pathogenic organisms, the findings showed that it is also effective against the fish pathogen A. hydrophila. More investigation is required to find and identify the biologically active compounds responsible for the plant’s antibacterial and antioxidant activity.

Antibacterial activity of methanol leaf extract and fruit decoction from Morinda persicifolia Buch. – Ham

The study investigated antibacterial potentials of Morinda persicifolia Buch. – Ham collected from Lang Sen Wetland Reserve, Long An Province in Vietnam. Antimicrobial activity of M. persicifolia Buch. – Ham was evaluated based on size of antibacterial zone of methanol leaf extract by agar well diffusion method, values of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) by micro-well dilution method, minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) by spread plate method and MBC/MIC ratios of fruit decoction against five test bacteria. The results showed that the methanol leaf extract produced growth inhibition zones against test bacteria with diameters of smaller than 6 mm (2.41 mm -5.63 mm). The fruit decoction had MIC of 100 mg/mL for P. aeruginosa and 200 mg/mL for B. cereus, B. subtilis, S. aureus and E. coli; and MBC about 300 mg/mL to B. cereus and E. coli and 400 mg/mL to B. cereus, B. subtilis, S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. MBC/MIC ratios of the fruit decoction against test bacteria were from 1.5 to 4. Thus, the methanol leaf extract was considered antibacterial at weak level and the fruit decoction was considered bactericidal.

Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity of methanolic leaf extract of Securidaca longipedunculata Fresen (Polygalaceae)

The present occurrence of drug resistance by most microorganisms has posed an enormous problem in the health care and triggered the need for continuous research for better and safe therapeutic agents. Securidaca longipedunculata is locally used in treating skin infections. Thus this study was designed to investigate the phytochemical constituents and antimicrobial activities of methanol leaf extract of Securidaca longipedunculata against Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans which are known to cause skin infections. Antimicrobial activity against the organisms was determined using agar well diffusion method. Four concentrations of the leaf extract were prepared and used in the study (800 mg/ml, 400 mg/ml, 200 mg/ml, and 100 mg/ml). Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) and Minimum Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) of the extract were also analysed. Upon extraction, the phytochemical constituents of the leaf were found to be carbohydrate, saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, cardiac glycosides, tanins and anthraquinones. There was no activity observed at 200 and 100 mg/ml concentrations of the extract on all the test organisms. For the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) test against all the tested bacterial isolates, the MIC was found to be 400 mg/ml. In the MBC test, the test showed that S. pyogenes and S. aureus were not killed by the leaf extract but rather they were inhibited from growing this is the same with C. albicans in the MFC. This study the use of the leaf of S. longipedunculata in traditional medicine for topical application in skin infections.

Antimicrobial activities of methanol leaf extract of herbal plants against selected pathogenic bacterial isolates

Antimicrobial activities of methanol leaf extract of herbal plants against selected pathogenic bacterial isolates

&lt;i&gt;In vitro&lt;/i&gt; Evaluation of Antibiofilm Activity of Methanolic Leaf Extract of &lt;i&gt;Azadirachta indica&lt;/i&gt; on Cariogenic &lt;i&gt;Streptococcus mutans&lt;/i&gt;

Dental caries is a biofilm-dependent disease, and Streptococcus mutans is the primary etiological agent involved in the initiation of the disease. The extensive use of a limited range of antimicrobial drugs in dentistry has led to the development of drug-resistant bacteria. There is an increasing need to find new alternatives against drug-resistant bacteria. Globally, there is a continuous effort towards identifying natural anti-caries agents for the prevention and better management of caries. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the antibiofilm potential of Azadirachta indica leaf methanolic (ALM) extract against S. mutans biofilm. The study employed a standard reference strain of S. mutans MTCC 497, for in vitro standardisation of biofilm by microtiter plate assay. The antibiofilm activity of the ALM extract was evaluated against the S. mutans strain, and the same was confirmed by light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The in vitro biofilm standardisation results demonstrated that 50 µl/ml of S. mutans inoculum concentration exhibited a much superior biofilm formation than the other concentrations employed. Light microscopy and SEM images revealed that ALM extract at 100 mg/ml concentration significantly inhibited the S. mutans biofilm. To conclude, the study reports that the A. indica leaf extract is a potential source to inhibit the S. mutans biofilm. Further studies are warranted to identify the phytochemicals responsible for the antibiofilm activity of ALM extract against S. mutans biofilm that aid in the design of natural anti-caries products.

Evaluation of the antiulcer and antimicrobial activities of methanol leaf extract of Helianthus annuus

Background: Medicinal plants are widely used in treating and preventing specific diseases and are known to play an important role in health care. Helianthus annuus is one of such plants whose therapeutic applications no doubt have numerous folkloric background. This study aimed at assessing Helianthus annuus methanol leaf extract for antiulcer and antimicrobial potentials Methods: The antiulcer activity was evaluated using aspirin, ethanol and histamine methods in Wistar rats, while the antimicrobial activity was carried out on selected microorganisms. The acute toxicity test and phytochemical screening of the extract were also conducted. Results: The methanol leaf extract exhibited significant (p&lt;0.05 and p&lt;0.01) antiulcer effect in both model. The ulcer protection effect of the extract is comparable to omeprazole. The extract also significantly inhibited the growth of test organisms. The acute toxicity test produced no lethality in rats, whereas the phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids and steroids. Conclusions: The findings confirm the ethnomedicinal use of H. annuus leaf as a valuable natural agent for the treatment of ulcer and microbial infections.

In Vitro Hepatoprotective Activity of Methanolic Leaf Extract of Acalypha indica Against CCl4 Induced Hepatotoxicity in Goat Liver Slice Culture

Plants used in traditional medicine may constitute an important source of new biologically active compounds. Acalypha indica is one of the weed plants that contain important medicinal values for human health applications. The present study was undertaken to assess the hepatoprotective activity of methanolic leaf extract of Acalypha indica in goat liver slice culture against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) to prove its efficacy against liver disorders CCl4 was used to induce hepatotoxicity in liver slice of goat. The cytotoxicity induced by CCl4 was estimated by quantifying the release of marker enzymes such as alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), acid phosphatase (ACP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Also, the degree of hepatic damage was measured by estimating the levels of lipid peroxidation (LPO) of hepatocytes membrane lipids. The treatment of liver cells with CCl4 caused twice increase in LPO of cells besides release of LDH, ALT, AST, ACP and ALP by 6.55, 3.89, 3.31, 2.69 and 2.50 times, respectively as compared to untreated liver cells. Thus, a toxic effect of CCl4 was significantly reduced by the treatment of methanolic leaf extract of Acalypha indica, silymarin and quercetin. The free radical scavenging activity of plant extract was estimated by 2, 2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method and IC50 is 65.12 ± 2.27 μg/mL. Qualitative analysis of flavonoid indicates the presence of flavonoids in plant extract. These results indicate that all concentration of plant extract of Acalypha indica, silymarin and quercetin protect the liver cells from CCl4 induced oxidative/free radical mediated damage in vitro. The hepatoprotective activity of methanolic extract of Acalypha indica extract is due to the presence of flavonoids which have remarkable antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. HIGHLIGHTS Liver disorders are the most common health hazard found in developing countries due to dietary habits, alcohol ingestion, poor hygiene, unsupervised drug use and smoking. Liver diseases can be non-inflammatory, inflammatory and degenerative Acalypha indica is one of the weed plants that contain important medicinal values for human health applications In vitro study of methanolic leaf extract of Acalypha indica against CCl4 induced hepatic damage in goat liver slice culture proven its efficacy against liver diseases GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT 

Anti-oxidant property of ailanthus excelsa Roxb used by local tribes of Pocharam wildlife sanctuary, Medak and Nizamabad districts, Telangana

The present study deals with the anti oxidant activity of Ailanthus excelsa Roxb used by Yerukula and Lambadi ethnic tribal living in Pocharam Wildlife Sanctuary of erstwhile Medak and Nizamabad Telangana, India. These people live in harmony with Nature and they employ plant and their derivatives for the basic health needs. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of numerous secondary metabolites of potential medical use. DPPH, Nitric Oxide, Superoxide, Hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity of methanol leaf extracts at different concentrations were studied (ascorbic acid used as standard). The present study revealed the anti oxidant activity of the leaf extracts of selected plants at all concentrations tested.